The concept of insurance in Islam

Ladies and Gentlemen,
I have always been very confused about the idea of insurance in Islam and its credibility. I recently had a discussion on this issue with three of my closest friends, and some of them have a clearer idea about it. Two of my friends were in favor of some form of insurance and have their own opinion on this issue, please note that these two good knowledge of Islam.
I would not call molvis moderate Muslims, but also a good knowledge of various topics in Islam (although this is not a criterion). I will continue my reservations, their responses and some other points of view here, and would welcome the views of other people here. Please take part in a discussion with his understanding of (any), and you can subscribe to their views and explain that it may be some ambiguities that you or others may have. Thank you.

What is the Court (per cent) and Haram (forbidden) in Islam? 
My understanding is that all of the income, the following criteria

1. Sets
2. It is, without doubt, benefits (no loss)
3. Easy and Work

Savings Bank Account
For me, a savings account with a bank is the purest form of interest, and it is Haram. There is a fixed rate of return for one year, it always will be deposited money and without work or effort on my part. No risk.

There are two different views on bank deposits in savings accounts.
Wenn eine Familie hat kein Einkommen und wissen nicht, wie und welche Unternehmen zu investieren, im Interesse der Bank Geld Halal (erlaubt). At the very example, if a woman, a widow and her children are small, and not just the money they have, and nothing else, the interest on money the bank HALAL (allowed).
In the early days of Islam, when the interest of the Haram (forbidden), currency, gold and non-use values thei depreciate. Gold for assessing the growth of inflation, and people can buy the same quantity of goods, even after many years of rising prices. In today's time, with tickets on fashion and value of the currency depreciates daily with inflation, people can not buy the same amount of goods a year with the same money you have now. Keep the money in savings accounts of banks only protection against a possible devaluation of the money in the form of interest. Thus, it is very interesting and was not warranted.

Insurance
Now let's talk about insurance. There are two types of insurance, the insurance product (an object or material), and people's lives.

Insurance products
If any person or company has a product (for example, a car or a house or goods), and we want to ensure against any possible damage (such as theft, fire, accidents, etc.), the person or company product insured, some insurance companies. There will be a reward in the form of insurance payments for a person or company to pay the insurance company and the product again guaranteed. But even if the damage caused by the product, the cost of insurance for the melody is guaranteed. But the important point is that the payment of insurance premiums in the cash payment will not be returned, if there is demand.

Life Insurance
Human life is the concept a little more than the new insurance products, which for many centuries (as we know). In life insurance, a person who has a certain amount for a certain number of years (usually 20 years, we have from the public and EFU Life ") and includes three areas.

1. If a person dies within 20 years, his family (beneficiaries) receive a large sum of money, as agreed at the time of the conclusion of insurance contract.
2. If a person does not die within 20 years, the money is well with him as an account with an annual profit on the shares has been paid to the insurance company.
3. In some cases, in addition to the above, if a person is sick, their medical expenses covered by the insurance for 20 years.

Now, my question relates specifically to the first 2 points. If a person dies, the family receives a lump sum of insurance money (for example, insurance). Nonetheless, life insurance, if a person dies, he is still real value in their payments, in addition to the total amount of payments to the insurance company.
Now it is a win-win situation, and that the income falls within my definition of interest, ie income (without the risk of loss), does not mean every effort and work.


Insurance in Isalm History
The first Islamic insurance company was set up in Sudan in 1979. Today there are many Islamic insurance operators in Muslim as well as non-Muslim countries. The main concept of Islamic insurance is that it is an alternative to conventional insurance, with characteristics and features that comply with shariah requirements. This is done by eliminating the objections against conventional insurance. “The term takaful is an infinitive noun which is derived from the Arabic root verb kafal’ or kafala, meaning to guarantee or bear responsibility for.” (Kassar, 2008, p. 26).

The main features of Islamic insurance are:

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cooperative risk sharing by using charitable donations to eliminate gharar and riba;
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clear financial segregation between the participant (insured) and the operator (insurance company);
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shariah-compliant underwriting policies and investment strategies.

Cooperative Risk Sharing

The characteristics of a cooperative include self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity, solidarity, honesty, openness, social responsibility, and caring for others. While mutuality or cooperative risk sharing is at the core of Islamic insurance, it cannot alone create an Islamic insurance operation. Islamic insurance is based on more than one contractual relationship: The first relationship is a mutual insurance contract between policyholders (contributors) and each other. This is similar to a pure mutual insurance relationship, taking into consideration the concept of donation (tabarru) instead of premiums and an ethical framework of Islamic transactions. The main features behind cooperative insurance are:

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Policyholders pay premiums to a cooperative fund with the intention of it being a donation to those who will suffer losses (tabarru).
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Policyholders are entitled to receive any surplus resulting from the operation of the cooperative insurance fund.
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Policyholders are liable to make up for any deficits that result from the operation of the cooperative insurance fund.
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The amount of contribution (premium) differs from one participant to another, based on the degree of risk in general insurances and actuarial principles in life assurance.
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There is no unified system to operate the treatment of surplus and deficit. There is therefore more than one model accepted by shariah scholars being used in practice.

Clear Segregation Between Participant and Operator

In conventional insurance, the insurance company is a profit-making organization that aims to maximize profit by accepting the financial burden of others’ losses. The insurance company is owned by shareholders who are entitled to receive any profit and are responsible for financing any deficit. Under Islamic insurance, the system is that the insurance company’s role is restricted to managing the portfolio and investing the insurance contributions for and on behalf of the participants. The relationship between the participants and the insurance company (as an operator, not as an insurer) is different. There are four different models in operation: The mudarabh model, the wakalah model, the hybrid mudarabh–wakalah model, and the pure cooperative model (non-profit). “The overarching goal of Takaful is brotherhood, solidarity, protection and mutual cooperation between members” (Kassar, 2008, p. 66).

Shariah-Compliant Policies and Strategies
Ethical insurers invest money in a responsible way in industries that are ethically sound and do not harm the environment or people. Islamic insurance is similar, except that the ethical considerations are extended to those which do not contravene the religion of Islam and are monitored by a shariah board, which is part of the company structure. In particular, the investment and underwriting policies need to be free of any involvement with the prohibited activities of gambling, alcohol, pork, armaments, tobacco, and interest-bearing activities, loans, and securities.